The most important consideration in dealing with fetal hydronephrosis is the overall welfare of the mother and the child, then one should consider the outcome for the kidneys and the bladder.
What the Paediatric Urologist needs to know is if and when intervention is needed. While we await research that enables us to understand fetal hydronephrosis to the level that we can talk of preservation of the renal functioning unit, the nephron, we can look at the cruder markers of renal decline to suggest early intervention.
Most importantly, we need to know the changes over time. And, the specifics of the renal parenchyma, the calyces, the pelvis, ureters and bladder and features of specific pathology, such as the key-hole sign or the presence of a ureterocele. There are also signs of severity, such as oligohydramnios and the eggshell sign, which assist the clinician to consider intervention and its timing.
The various signs that help define the renal pathology and the severity of impact on the renal prognosis will be presented.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a congenital deformity occurring in ª3% of infants. If hip dysplasia is diagnosed early
simple corrections using a soft cast are sufficient but if missed it can
lead to premature osteoarthritis and might require surgical intervention.
More than o...
Hydrocephalus refers to a pathological condition that occurs when there is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the head. Hydrocephalus can either be congenital, resulting from disturbance in the development of the CSF pathways or alternatively, it is acquired due to secondar...
This presentation gives an approach to image acquisition for the structures of the posterior cranial fossa. There will be an overview of the common structural abnormalities and a focus on cerebellar haemorrhages and infarction. Attention will be paid to the importance of the detection of these le...
